备注：The low bid is prone to errors in assumptions made by the contractor, and many external events can affect costs during construction. In this chaotic environment it would be expected that the low bid amount could not be used to develop predictions of the completed project cost. However, it has been found that there is a relationship between the low bid and final cost that occurs in a repeatable manner. Williams et al. [2] have shown that there is a systematic relationship across projects between the low bid and the completed project cost for competitively bid highway projects in New Jersey and Great Britain. It was found that as the magnitude of the low bid increased, the resulting completed project cost tended to increase absolutely and as a percentage of the original bid. 这是最后一句，前面我是这样译的： 承包商做的假定是易出错的，并且许多外部事件可能在施工期间影响成本。在这种混乱的环境中，可以预计，开发完整项目的费用，不得能只用预计中的低出价数额。但是，低出价和最终成本之间以反复性的方式存在着一种关系。威廉斯[2]等表示，在新泽西和英国，公开招标的公路项目中，低出价和所完成的工程造价之间有一个系统化的关系。