英汉的比喻形式基本上是一致的。但由于两国历史文化、风土人情、传统习惯、思维方式和审美观念都各有特点,因此,反映在语言中的意象比喻也很不相同,例如我们常用“落汤鸡”来形容一个人被与淋湿了,而英语中却用as wet as a drown rat来打比喻。诸如此类,不甚枚举。因此,汉译时要根据情况进行灵活处理。
意象比喻的含义,大概可以采取以下几种方法:
1. 保留原文比喻意象
这是指无需改变原文的比喻意象,只要直译过来即可。那些情况下可以直译呢?
(1)英语中有许多大众化的比喻意象,与汉语的比喻意象相同或近似,可以直译。
例如:
strike while the iron is hot 打铁趁热 pour cold water on something 泼冷水 Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子 to fish in troubled water 混水摸鱼 as whit as snow 洁白如雪 Necessity is the mother of invention 需要是发明之母 as proud as a peacock 像孔雀般高傲 The ruby shall be as redder than a red rose, and the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea. 红玉之色更甚玫瑰之艳,青玉之色堪比大海之蓝。 follow in somebady’s footsteps 步人后尘 Time passed at a snail’s apce. 时间过得象蜗牛爬似的。 You are the backbone of the team. 他是这个团队的脊梁骨(骨干)。
Arolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔 to be armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿 crocodile’s terars 鳄鱼的眼泪 to show one’s card 摊牌 as fresh as a rose 像玫瑰一样鲜艳 as blind as a bat 瞎的像只蝙蝠 Aword and a stone let go cannot be recalled 说出口的话就想跑出去的石头,是收不回的。 He who keeps company with wolf will learn to howl. 跟狼做朋友,就要学会狼嚎。
有些英语比喻翻成汉语后,读者会觉得不自然,甚至产生误解,而汉语却存在不同一项而同样意义的比喻,遇到此类情况便可以借用汉语比喻,保存其意义,改换其意象。例如,英语说“as timid as a rabbit”, 因为英国人吧兔子看做胆小的象征,而中国人把老鼠当做胆小的象征,所以习惯译为“胆小如鼠”;英国人说“to work like a horse”, 中国人却说“像老黄牛一样干活”。这种更换比喻意象的译法,在这里很适用。
下面是英汉两种语言中意象各异而意义相似的若干比喻:
penny wise and pound foolish 捡了芝麻丢了西瓜 like a hen on a hot griddle 像热锅上的蚂蚁 hungry as a bear 饿狼般的 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶 He is the black sheep of the family. 他是家里的害群之马。 to cast pearls before swine 对牛弹琴 He plays ducks and draks with money 他挥金如土 Our appeal remained a dead letter 我们的呼吁石沉大海 a lion in the way 拦路虎 like a duck to water 如鱼得水 a sea of faces 人山人海 to have one foot in the grave 已是风烛残年 at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽 diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手 fish in the air 水月镜花 castle in the air 空中楼阁 Worlds first, blows later 先礼后兵 The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 心有余而力不足 to eat one’s cake and have it 又要马儿好,又要马儿不吃草 to kick down the ladder 过河拆桥 to hit the nail on the head 一针见血 The news made her hair stand in end. 这个消息使她汗毛直竖。 You are putting all your eggs in one basket. 你这是孤注一掷。 He is said to be a rough diamond. 人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。 They are birds of a feather. 他们是一丘之貉。 She was the apple of his eye. 她是他的掌上明珠。 He is merely shedding crocodile tears. 他只不过是猫哭老鼠。 He is an ass in a lion’s skin 他是个火性子。 She felt that she must not yield, she must go on leading her strai-tened, humdrum life. This was her punishment for having made a mistake. She had made her bed, and she must lie in it. 她觉得她不能打退堂鼓,她必须继续过她那贫困而单调的生活。这是她犯了错误得到的惩罚,她要自食其果。