1.Private vs. Charitable Trusts
A charitable trust bestows a benefit upon the public at large or upon a broad segment of the public. Other trusts are private and are subject to more restrictive rules.
私人信托与公益信托
公益信托以全社会或部分社会公众为受益人。其他信托具有私有性质并受更多限制性规则的约束。
2.Express Trusts vs. Those Created by Operation of Law
明示信托与法律实施所产生的信托
a. Express trusts
An express trust is created as a result of a manifestation of intention to create the relationship that the law recognizes as a trust.
明示信托
明示信托因创造法律承认为信托的法律关系的意思表示而产生。
b. Resulting trusts
A resulting trust is an equitable reversionary interest based on the legally presumed intention of a property owner. It arises by operation of law where an express trust fails in whole or in part or where its beneficial provisions are incomplete.
归复信托(推定信托)
归复信托是一种基于业主的法律推定意图所产生的公平可归回权益。当明示信托全部或部分失效或其受益条款不完整时,归复信托在法律实施过程中产生。
c. Constructive trusts
A constructive trust is a remedial device imposed by a court of equity to prevent a person who has obtained property by wrongful conduct or unjust enrichment from deriving the benefits thereof.
法定信托
法定信托是衡平法院实行的一种补济措施,以防止他人获得其通过违法行为所取得的财产或不当得利所产生的利益。
3.Bailment
Where an owner of tangible personal property gives possession of the chattel, but not tittle, to another, the relationship is a bailment. A bailment differs from a trust in that:
a. It applies only to chattels;
b. Both legal and equitable title remain in the bailor;
c. A bailee cannot convey title;
d. Rents, profits, etc., belong to the bailor (as opposed to a beneficiary in a trust relationship); and
e. Bailment remedies are usually legal, while trust remedies are equitable.
委托
有形私有财产的所有者将其对动产的占有权利(而非所有权)给予第三人,则该法律关系是委托。委托不同于信托,原因在于:
a.委托只适用于动产
b.委托人享有普通法和衡平法上的所有权
c.受托人不能转让所有权
d.租金、收益等利益归委托人所有(与信托法律关系中的受益人相反),且
c.委托救济通常具有普通法上性质,信托救济具有衡平法上性质
4.Agency
An agent is a fiduciary with many responsibilities similar to those of a trustee, but an agency differs from a trust in that:
a.Holding title to the property is not an essential aspect of the agency;
b. The agent is subject to control by the principal;
c. The agent′s authority is strictly construed;
d. The agent acting within the scope of authority is not personally liable (while a trustee is liable to third parties for acts on behalf of the trust); and
e. The agency terminates upon the death or (traditionally) incapacity of the principal.
代理
代理人是指承担与受托人相似责任的财产受托人,但代理不同于信托,原因在于:
a.拥有财产所有权不是代理的本质方面
b.代理人受委托人的限制
c.严格解释代理人的权限
d.代理人对其权限范围内的法律行为不负个人责任(受托人因代表信托人为法律行为而对第三方负有责任),且
e.代理因委托人的死亡或(传统上)无行为能力而终止
Federal Law of June 19, 2000 N 82-FZ
"On the Minimum Wage"
2000年6月19日N 82-FZ 联邦法关于“最低工资”的决定
Adopted by the State Du-ma on June 2, 2000
于2000年6月2日由国家杜马通过
Approved by the Federation Council on June 7, 2000
于2000年7月7日获联邦委员会批准
Article 1. Establish a minimum wage from 1 July 2000 in the amount of 7,800 rubles per month.
第一条. 从2000年7月1日起,确定每个月7800卢布的最低工资标准。
Article 2. The minimum wage established by Article 1 of this Federal Law shall be introduced:
Organizations financed from budgetary sources - at the expense of the corresponding budgets, extra-budgetary funds, as well as funds received from entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities;
other organizations - at their own expense.
Part two has expired since January 1, 2000.
Abolished from September 1, 2000
第二条. 该联邦法第1条所确定的最低工资标准应当被引入:
从预算资金筹资的组织—由相应的预算、预算外资金、以及从企业和其他创收活动中获得的资金支付费用。
其他组织—自费。
2000年1月1日起,第二部分已经失效。
自2000年9月1日起废除。
Article 3. The minimum wage shall be applied to regulate labor remuneration and to determine the amount of temporary disability benefits, maternity benefits, and for other purposes of compulsory social insurance. The application of a minimum wage for other purposes is not allowed.
第三条. 适用最低工资规定劳动报酬以及确定临时伤残抚恤金、生育津贴金额以及强制性社会保险的其他目的。不允许为其他目的申请最低工资。
Article 4. To establish that before making changes to the relevant federal laws that determine the amount of scholarships, allowances and other mandatory social payments, or the procedure for their establishment, the payment of scholarships, allowances and other mandatory social payments, the amount of which, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, From the minimum wage, is made from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000 on the basis of a basic amount equal to 83 rubles 49 kopecks, starting from January 1, 2000 based on the base amount s of 100 rubles.
第四条. 在确定对决定奖学金、津贴和其他强制性社会支付金额的相关联邦法律作出更改前,或是对其设立、奖学金的支付、津贴及其他强制性社会支付程序作出更改前,根据俄罗斯联邦立法对最低工资的法律规定,从2000年7月1日至2000年12月31日,其工资金额基于83卢比49戈比这一基础数额规定,从2000年1月1日起,其工资金额基于100卢比这一基础数额。
Article 5. To establish that before the introduction of amendments to the relevant federal laws determining the procedure for calculating taxes, fees, fines and other payments, calculating taxes, fees, fines and other payments, carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, depending on the minimum wage , Is carried out from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000 on the basis of a base amount equal to 83 rubles 49 kopecks, starting January 1, 2000, based on a base amount equal to 100 rubles.
Calculation of payments for civil obligations, established in accordance with the minimum wage, is made from July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2000, based on a basic amount equal to 83 rubles 49 kopecks, starting January 1, 2000, based on the base amount equal to 100 rubles.
第五条. 在确定对决定税费、酬金、罚款及其他支付的计算程序的相关联邦法律作出修正之前,根据俄罗斯联邦立法的规定对税费、酬金、罚款以及其他支付做出计算,根据最低工资规定,从2000年7月1日至2000年12月31日,其计算基于83卢比49戈比这一基础数额,从2000年1月1日起,基于100卢比这一基础数额。
根据最低工资确定的法律规则,从2000年7月1日至2000年12月31日,民事义务支付的计算是基于83卢比49戈比这一基础数额,从2000年1月1日起,基于100卢比这一基础数额。
Article 6. Introduce in paragraph 2 of Article 12 of the Federal Law of May 27, 1998 N 76-FZ "On the Status of Servicemen" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1998, No. 22, Article 2331) the following changes:
second paragraph excluded;
The third paragraph should be reworded as follows:
"The salary of servicemen is increased by the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the procedure and terms that are provided for federal civil servants.".
第六条. 针对1998年5月27日N 76-FZ 联邦法第12条第2款“关于军人地位”的法律规定(俄罗斯联邦立法集,1998年,第22号,第233条),作出以下变动:
排除第2款;
第3款应作出如下改写:
“俄罗斯联邦政府根据为联邦政府公务员所设定的程序和条款提高军人的工资”。
Article 7. To recognize as invalid the Federal Law of January 9, 1997 N 6-FZ "On raising the minimum wage" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997, No. 3, Article 350).
第七条. 认定1997年1月9日N 6-FZ联邦法律 关于“提高最低工资”的法律规定无效(俄罗斯联邦立法集,1997年,第3号,第350条)
Article 8. To propose to the President of the Russian Federation and instruct the Government of the Russian Federation to bring their normative legal acts into line with this Federal Law.
第八条. 向俄罗斯联邦总统提出建议并指示俄罗斯联邦政府按照本联邦法律实施规范性法律行为。
Article 9. This Federal Law shall enter into force on July 1, 2000.
第九条. 本联邦法律应于2000年7月1日起施行。
President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin
Moscow Kremlin
June 19, 2000
N 82-FZ
俄罗斯联邦总统 弗拉基米尔普京
莫斯科克里姆林宫
2000年6月19日
N 82-FZ
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