1959年民主改革前,西藏长期处于政教合一、僧侣和贵族专政的封建农奴制社会,其黑暗、残酷比中世纪欧洲的农奴制度有过之而无不及。官家、贵族和寺院上层僧侣组成的占人口不到5%的“三大领主”控制着占人口95%以上的农奴和奴隶的人身自由和绝大多数生产资料。旧西藏通行了几百年的《十三法典》和《十六法典》,将人分成三等九级,明确规定人们在法律上的地位不平等;同时使用断手、剁足、剜目、割耳、抽筋、割舌、投水、推崖等极为野蛮的刑罚,对农奴和奴隶进行残酷的经济剥削、政治压迫和精神控制,广大农奴和奴隶连生存权都得不到保障,根本没有政治权利可言。
For the long period before the democratic reform in 1959, Tibet, where the religiopolitical dictatorship by monastries and aristocrats were practiced, had remained long in darkness and its feudal serfdom system was even harsher than that of Europe in the middle ages. The local administrative officials, aristocrats and upper-ranking lamas in the monasteries, the so-called “three major estate-holders”, which accounted for less than 5 percent of the total population, controlled the majority of means of production and personal freedom of the serfs and slaves, who took up over 95 percent of the total population. The Thirteen Codes and The Sixteen Codes, which had been upheld in the old Tibet for several hundreds of years, divided people into three classes and nine grades, and stated that different class or grade of people has different legal status. The right to subsistence of all the serfs and slaves could not even guaranteed when old Tibet applied some inhuman barbaric punishments such as cutting off feet, hands, tongues or ears, gouging out eyes, pulling out tendons, drowning, pushing the condemned person down from cliff, ect. to ruthlessly exploit them economically and politically and spiritually control them, not to mention their political rights.
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