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回贴倒排
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主题: NOT在句中的特定否定范围 [] |
![]() 从语法看,not与谓语动词连用,就是否定谓语动词。但是从语义看,有时否定的范围紧紧是句子末尾的重心成分,有时否定范围从否定词开始到句子末尾。因此,形式与内容不一致让英语学习者不知所措。 如: He didn’t come to work by bus. 他没有乘公汽来上班。(此句否定的是by bus) I didn’t marry him for his looks. 我并不是因为他长得帅才嫁给他。(此句否定的是for his looks) Snakes did not acquire their poison for use against man but for use against prey. 蛇获得毒液,不是为了对付人,而是为了对付捕获物。(此句否定的是for use against man) I do not know exactly why you are always late for work. 你为什么总是迟到,我不能确切地知道原因。 (此句否定的是 副词exactly) 因此在阅读中根据具体的语言环境和情景,正确理解否定的范围就显得尤为重要。以下从几个方面谈谈否定范围,以帮助读者很好地理解否定词not的用法。 一、 带有because的从句 带有because的从句,教师在教学中往往强调的是not 修饰的是because 从句。如: He is not ready to believe something because Aristotle said. 他并不因为亚里斯多德说过什么,就轻易相信。 You must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because I’m not at home. 妈妈,你必须振作起来,不要因为我不在家而感到孤独。 Neither believe nor reject anything because any other person has rejected or believed it. 不要因为别人相信或拒绝,你就跟着相信或拒绝。 以上例句在实际运用中否定的都是because从句,但是有些句子根据具体情景又可以理解为否定谓语动词,而不是否定原因状语从句。如: I didn’t leave home because I was afraid of my father. 可以理解为:因为怕父亲,我没有离开家;也可以理解为:我因为怕父亲而离开家的。 因此判断否定词是修饰从句还是谓语动动,需要根据特定的语言环境进行理解。 二、not…a bit/ not …a little 在语言使用中,往往把a bit/at all/in the least/in the slightest放在否定范围之外,成了否定词not的增强语(intensifiers)。如: I don’t like it a bit. 我一点儿也不喜欢它。 I didn’t enjoy it in the least. 我一点儿也不喜欢它。 We don’t mind in the slightest. 我们一点儿也不介意。 但是又把a little/slightly放在否定范围内,从而成为否定的中心,因此 not… a little/slightly就表达“不是一点点或不是轻微地)意思,换句话说,就是 “非常地”意思。如: I don’t like it a little. 我非常喜欢他。(我不喜欢它一点点儿)。 They didn’t praise him slightly. 他们对他大加赞扬。(他们不是轻微地赞扬他)。 三、may not的否定中心 May与not连用时,may表达“可能性”时,否定的是not 后面的内。may表达的是“许可”时,否定的是may这个词本身。但是can与not 连用时,表达可能性意思时,not一般否定can这个词本身。如: He may not be serious. (It is possible that he is not serious.) You may not smoke here. (He is not allowed to smoke here.) He may not be here. (It is possible that he is not here.) He can not be there. (It is not possible that he is there.) He can’t be serious. (It is not possible that he is serious.) 四、definitely not和 not definitely He is definitely not coming. (It’s definite that he will not come.) He is not definitely coming. (It’s not definite that he will come.) They definitely don’t want it. (It is definite that they do not want it.) They don’t definitely want it. (It is not definite that they want it.) I really don’t know him. (It is the real truth that I don’t know him.) I don’t really know him. (It is not the real truth that I know him.)
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![]() “I didn’t leave home because I was afraid of my father. 可以理解为:因为怕父亲,我没有离开家;也可以理解为:我因为怕父亲而离开家的。” 我感觉这后一种理解不妥当。
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